2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (18 Months-3 Years)

• Key Activity: Learning self-care (e.g., toilet training, dressing).
• Virtue: Will (the will to act independently).
• Negative Outcome: Excessive shame or doubt may result in overdependence on others and low self-esteem.

Toddlers begin exploring their environment and asserting independence in tasks like dressing themselves or choosing foods. If caregivers encourage these efforts, children feel a sense of autonomy (confidence in their ability to handle challenges). Overly critical or controlling caregivers can make the child doubt their abilities, leading to shame and doubt.