Respiration is the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, and the utilization of the inhaled oxygen to combust digested food, releasing energy.
However, people often associate respiration solely with gaseous exchange.
But it also involves cellular respiration.

Respiration

The sun is the main source of energy on this planet. The light energy from the sun is transduced by plants into chemical energy. They trap this light energy in the chemical bonds of organic molecules, like in glucose. And when we eat them, we break these bonds of organic molecules and derive the energy. Our cells use a similar mechanism for storing this energy. We store it in the chemical bonds of ATP [Adenosine triphosphate] and other compounds.

Sun - Ultimate Source Of Energy 

We might wonder how the food we eat provides us with energy. In what way is energy derived from the same food material?
We consume food, which is broken down into smaller components and eventually into their respective smaller building blocks.
These building blocks are absorbed into the body's fluids and eventually reach the cells.

Food - We Eat Gives Us Energy; But How?

Once nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and more, reach the cell, they are utilized by cells to produce energy.
For example, when sucrose (cane sugar) reaches the cell, it is initially hydrolyzed into fructose and glucose. These two compounds are then the primary substrates that enter the chain of reactions known as GLYCOLYSIS.

What Happens in Cells?

When glucose reaches the cytoplasm of the cell, it undergoes a series of reactions to extract energy from its chemical bonds.
Glucose, a 6-carbon compound, reacts with ATP in this process, resulting in the formation of Glucose-6-phosphate.

Glycolysis

The first step as soon as the glucose enters the cell is that it undergoes immediate phosphorylation. So that it cannot diffuse out of the cell. This is because, on phosphorylation, the glucose becomes polar and hence cannot flow across the plasma membrane passively.This step functions at the expense of an ATP. Glucose reacts with an inorganic phosphate available from ATP and converts into glucose 6-phosphate. i.e., a phosphate group is added to the 6th carbon of Glucose.This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glucokinase or hexokinase. # I wrote the reaction above in the picture.

First Step - Glucose Phosphorylation

The only difference between GLUCOKINASE and HEXOKINASE is their kinetic property and efficiency. Glucokinase has the ability to convert more glucose into glucose 6-phosphate than comparison to hexokinase.

Once glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate, it is then isomerized into fructose 6-phosphate. The basic reason behind this conversion is that the addition of one more phosphate into glucose is not possible, due to its cyclic structure. Where only one carbon atom is present outside of the ring unlike fructose where two carbon atoms are present on the outside of the ring. And hence, two phosphates can attach to a fructose ring. Therefore, glucose-6-phosphate is first isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate for further phosphorylation under the category of hexose-phosphate isomerase.

Second Step - Isomerization Of Glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P)

Fructose 6-phosphate on reaction with another ATP results in the formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. This reaction is under the control of phosphofructokinase, which is also the pacemaker of this reaction.At a time, this reaction proceeds in any one direction only. Therefore, called irreversible reaction.

Third Step- Phosphorylation Of Fructose 6 Phosphate

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, being highly active, breaks down into two three-carbon compounds, namely dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and phosphoglyceraldehyde (G3P) under the activity of enzyme aldolase.

Fourth Step- Breaking of Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which was formed along with the formation of phosphoglyceraldehyde during the breaking of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Both of these triose sugars are capable of isomerizing into either forms, and hence DHAP gets isomerized into G3P. This reaction activity is under the control of enzyme triose-phosphate-isomerase. And then the DHAP is converted into G3P, which can now contribute in the formation of pyruvic acid.

5. DiHydroxyAcetonePhosphate Isomerization to PGAL.

The phosphoglyceride hence obtained undergoes partial oxidation. It reacts with an inorganic phosphate and results in the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid along with the synthesis of an NADH+H+.Enzyme-

6. Partial Oxidation of PGAL—Phosphoglyceraldehyde.

The 1,3-BPG hence obtained from the partial oxidation of G3P undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation. An inorganic phosphate is released by the substrate named 1,3-BPG which is taken by an ADP molecule and hence results in the formation of an ATP molecule. This 1,3-BPG gets now converted into 3-phosphoglyceric acid along with the formation of an ATP (hence payoff phase).Enzyme - 3PGKinase

7. Substrate Level Phosphorylation In 1, 3BPG

The 3-phosphoglyceric acid hence obtained is now mutated to form 2-phosphoglyceric acid by the activity of enzyme mutase. The position of phosphate is changed from 3rd carbon to 2nd carbon for the formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate.

8. Conversion Of 3-PGA TO 2-PGA

The 2-phosphoglyceric acid hence obtained is now dehydrated to form phosphoenolpyruvate acid. This activity is under the control of enzyme enolase and result in the removal of a water molecule from the substrate.

9. Dehydration Of 2-PGA to Form PEPA

The phosphoenolpyruvate obtained is now under the activity of enzyme pyruvatekinase and is converted into pyruvic acid along with the formation of an ATP as a premium-product.<ul><li>The highly energetic phosphate bond of PEPA is transferred to the ADP molecule and results in ATP formation.</li><li>Again, the substrate is providing the inorganic phosphate, and therefore this step involves Substrate level phosphorylation.</li></ul>Enzyme - Pyruvate-Kinase

10. Formation of PYRUVATE

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Health

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Strategy

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Learning & Education

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Books

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Science & Nature

Exploring the Depths of Respiration

I am an introvert and I love it. And I'm not alone, introverts are everywhere...
I understand myself better, I am deeply grateful for how I am.

WHO I AM = HOW I AM

Instead of filling up space with small talk, I listen patiently and make my words matter. I have few friends but our connection is deep. I love spending time alone. It's where the chaos of a long day can finally settle. I can reflect and listen to my thoughts and eventually reconnect with myself II have learnt strategies for finding comfort in our noisy world- from using music to create bubbles of peace, to escaping quite place...I adore the intensity and chaotic beauty of the world. But it's in quite places where I feel truly at home!!

The Quiet Power Of Introverts 

In a gentle way, you can shake the world.

Acceptance of who you are and the way you are is aesthetic... embrace the solitude

Are you an introvert? If so, that's great! Animator Sofja Umarik (who is an introvert) looks at how it can be a real strength.

Want to watch more? This might be a good one to watch next... Why people are choosing to quit social media: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij_xXZAhJPs&t=1s

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Our aim on BBC Ideas is to feed your curiosity, to open your mind to new perspectives, and to leave you that little bit smarter.  

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#bbcideas #introverts

Are you an introvert? If so, that's great! Animator Sofja Umarik (who is an introvert) looks at how it can be a real strength.

Want to watch more? This might be a good one to watch next... Why people are choosing to quit social media: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ij_xXZAhJPs&t=1s

Subscribe to BBC Ideas 👉 https://bbc.in/2F6ipav

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Do you have a curious mind? You’re in the right place.

Our aim on BBC Ideas is to feed your curiosity, to open your mind to new perspectives, and to leave you that little bit smarter.  

So dive in. Let us know what you think. And make sure to subscribe!  👉https://bbc.in/2F6ipav
 
Visit our website to see all of our videos: https://www.bbc.com/ideas
And follow BBC Ideas on Twitter: https://twitter.com/bbcideas

#bbcideas #introverts

Do you have a curious mind? You’re in the right place.

Our aim at BBC Ideas is to feed your curiosity, to open your mind to new perspectives and to leave you that little bit smarter. Stick around if you want to learn more about science, philosophy, psychology, self-improvement and more. We've also got some incredible animations for you to enjoy, so dive in!

Let us know what you think and make sure to subscribe.

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The quiet power of introverts | BBC Ideas

The quiet power of introverts

We were taught that education is a key to success, urging children to attend school with the promise of acquiring knowledge, wisdom, and awareness. However, contemporary educational systems no longer fulfill their original purpose. 
The focus has shifted from holistic improvement of the mind, body, soul, and spirit to serving as a reality filter rather than a beacon of enlightenment. 
Today, education is often pursued out of necessity rather than personal development. It has become a revenue stream for the wealthy and a daunting struggle for the less fortunate. This critique, though harsh, reflects a stark reality.

A Critical Examination

Children are seldom taught the true essence of education. Instead, they are led to believe that pursuing a specific degree will lead to a less challenging career path. 
The genuine purpose of education should be to help individuals discover themselves, gain essential knowledge, and work towards personal growth, consciousness, and wisdom in order to eradicate ignorance. Unfortunately, many prioritize convenience, appearance, and financial gain over developing profound character, stability, and competence. Have you ever wondered why students often struggle to retain what they are taught? It's because they haven't truly learned.

The Unspoken Purpose of Education

I'm writing to inspire you to influence one another positively and initiate a transformation. 
Let's guide everyone toward greatness and serve as mentors. Let's emphasize that genuine education isn't confined to formal institutions; it can be acquired anywhere, without the need for payment or diplomas. 
True education encompasses all the qualities that enrich an individual. It addresses diverse issues, combats arrogance and ignorance, and promotes holistic healing.

Beyond the Classroom

Our choices, from the people we associate with to the content we consume, define our path of education. Eradicating ignorance is our collective responsibility, and it commences with the choices we make. 
Every action and experience contributes to our growth and learning. We should be discerning in selecting our educational avenues, as the type of education we embrace reflects our character and aspirations.

The Power of Choice

The kind of Education we allow/ accept matters.

Rethinking the Purpose of Education: A Call to Foster True Learning

I have practice jiu-jitsu for many years, and I think that I have learned something

Things I learned in jiu-jitsu.

The basis for learning a new position in jiu-jitsu is repetition, i.e. there's no point in training the position just once, to execute it "perfectly" you need to repeat and repeat and repeat...

Repetition

Yes, limits. My limits and those of my training partners, each with their own conditions and goals.

Limit

Perhaps this is the most important thing, learning that there will be good days and bad days and that each one is important to evolve.

Resilience 

Pain is part of a jiu-jitsu practitioner's daily life. Either you live with the pain or you stop training.

Living with pain.

In jiu-jitsu you have the chance to do the three slaps, but if you do that every time you're in a complicated situation you won't evolve as a person and as a fighter.

Resist 

I've left this one last because it's a bit controversial. We always hear that giving up is not an option. But there are situations where it doesn't make sense to insist if it's going to harm you. In jiu-jitsu, when the blow is landed and could hurt you, what's the option? The three slaps, it's part of the game. That way you maintain your integrity so you can fight again. You give up in the moment so that you can continue training, learning and fighting.

Knowing how to give up

I hope that make sense to you. If you don't practice any martial arts, you maybe can use these lessons in your personal life.

Does That Make Sense? 

Life Lessons from Jiu-jitsu: Resilience, Limits, and More

First principles thinking is the most powerful framework for for problemsolving that requires deconstructing complex problems down to its foundational elements. It is the fundamental building block of an idea, an indivisible part that we know to be true and we can use that part to build more complex ideas.

What Is First Principle Thinking ?

First principle thinking is built on the idea that If the simple parts that make up a complex whole are good and true, then the complex whole must be good and true as well. Similarly if all the components used in the making of a car are top class then the performance of the car would be outstanding as well.

How Does First Principle Thinking Works ?

To become a first principle thinker start by questioning your beliefs and notions about that problem. Here's how it can be achievedSocratic Questioning: You can use a technique called Socratic Questioning, which is inspired from famous Greek philosopher Socrates. It involves a cycle of seeking knowledge through experience and using reason. <ul><li>What is the problem I am trying to solve?</li><li>What do I know to be true about this problem?</li><li>Why do I believe these “truths” to be true? How do I know they are true?</li><li>Check out complete list of questions here: <a href="https://computingnirvana.com/how-to-be-a-first-principles-thinker/">Socratic Questions</a></li></ul>

How to become a first principle thinker ?

Like Elon Musk, learn how you can leverage First principles thinking and if interested dive deeper into the world of <a href="https://computingnirvana.com/">Computing Nirvana</a>.Follow the Computing Nirvana channel on WhatsApp: <a href="https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va5a3ucGZNCwdSmbRw3V">click here</a>

Learn How Elon Musk Leveraged First principle Thinking

Ability to make a decision is a superpower and the chief enemy of a good decision is lack of sufficient perspective on a problem

First principles thinking is the most powerful framework for for problems olving that requires deconstructing complex problems down to its foundational elements

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Creativity

How to Be a First Principles Thinker

Software development: Software developers are responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining software applications. They are in high demand in a variety of industries, including technology, finance, and healthcare. Data science: Data scientists use their skills in mathematics, statistics, and computer science to collect, analyze, and interpret data. They are in high demand by companies that want to use data to make better decisions.

Highest Paying 💰 Skills To Learn In 2023 And Beyond

Machine learning: Machine learning engineers develop and deploy machine learning models to solve real-world problems. They are in high demand by companies in a variety of industries, including technology, finance, and healthcare.
Artificial intelligence: AI engineers design and develop artificial intelligence systems. They are in high demand by companies that want to use AI to automate tasks, improve efficiency, and create new products and services

Machine learning & Artificial intelligence

Cloud computing: Cloud computing engineers design, build, and manage cloud computing infrastructure and applications. They are in high demand by companies that want to move their IT operations to the cloud.
Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity professionals protect computer systems and networks from cyberattacks. They are in high demand by companies in a variety of industries, including technology, finance, and healthcare.

Cloud computing & Cybersecurity

Project management: Project managers oversee projects from start to finish, ensuring that they are completed on time, within budget, and to the required quality standards. They are in high demand in a variety of industries.
Financial analysis: Financial analysts use their skills in accounting, finance, and mathematics to analyze financial data and make financial recommendations. They are in high demand by companies in a variety of industries.

Project management & Financial analysis

Digital marketing: Digital marketers use their skills in online marketing channels, such as search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, and email marketing, to promote products and services online. They are in high demand by companies of all sizes.
Sales: Sales professionals are responsible for generating and closing leads, and then building and maintaining relationships with customers. They are in high demand in a variety of industries.

Digital marketing & Sales

Communication skills are essential for success in any career, but they are especially important for high-paying jobs. Communication skills include the ability to write and speak effectively, as well as the ability to listen and collaborate with others.

Communication

It can help me to take better career decision and shape my future.

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Building a New Career

Beneath the starry, boundless sky,
I ponder life, as time floats by.
With will so strong, I reach for stars,
Yet, stagnant waters, my progress bars.
Inaction's shadow, a silent thrall,
Dreams untamed, behind a wall.
But in this moment, a choice awaits,
To kindle hope, unbar the gates.
With great expectations, I yearn for the grand,
Yet inaction persists, like shifting sand.
Is it folly, this path I've trod?
To dream without action, perhaps, 'tis flawed.

EUPHORIC DREAMS

Not stupidity, but a chance to soar,Awaken potential, unlock the door.For dreams and deeds, they dance with grace,In action's embrace, the heart finds its place. So dreamer, let not your fire dim,In the poetry of life, find your hymn.With will and action, hand in hand,Unfold the future, as you've planned. With dreams as your compass, actions your guide,In this symphony of life, let purpose reside.

Continuation

Goals and Dreams | Poem

The desire to know and practice proper Bible reading often emerges from the realization of its key role in spiritual fulfillment. This guide aims to provide practical steps to help beginners in reading the Bible effectively.

Introduction

Reading the Bible involves engaging with the written word of God, and understanding the message within each verse, chapter, and book. It deepens our understanding of God and fosters a stronger connection with Him.

Definition of Reading The Bible.

The choice between print and digital formats depends on the goal of Bible reading, the support it offers to the reading plan, and some degree of personal preference.

Choosing between print and digital Bibles

A good plan should specify where, what, and when to read. Start with a clear itinerary, choosing a starting and stopping point in the Bible. Define what success looks like and set achievable metrics. Determine when and how long you will read each day

Creating a Bible reading plan

Prepare your body by getting enough sleep and rest, and maintaining mental sharpness during Bible reading. Find a quiet place to read and choose a Bible translation that you understand. Prepare your spirit through prayer, asking God to help you understand and apply His Word.

Preparing physically and spiritually.

Familiarize yourself with the structure of the Bible and how to navigate references. Understand that a Bible reference typically includes the book name, chapter, and verse(s). Use the table of contents to find the desired book and navigate to the specific chapter and verse.

Knowing some Bible basics.

Each book of the Bible offers unique perspectives and serves different purposes. Approach each book with an understanding of its themes, writing style, and intentions. Plan your reading sessions, prepare your heart, and follow the best practices discussed in this guide.

Adopting best practices in Bible reading.

Steps include but are not limited to; choosing your bible format, creating or following a Bible reading plan, preparing physically and spiritually, understanding references, or adopting best practices.More information at <a href="https://chieflings.com/guides/how-to-read-the-bible-for-beginners/">Chieflings.com</a>

Steps to read the Bible properly

By following these steps and adopting best practices, you can develop a diligent and enjoyable habit of Bible reading.

And if reading the Bible is the means to your desired spiritual “place”, I am more than honored to walk with you and show you the ropes of how to read the

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Religion & Spirituality

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Reading & Writing

How to Read the Bible: A Beginner's Complete Guide

Our personal reality is entirely based on the preferences we choose:
<ul>
<li>Whether for better or worse, our decisions carry consequences, leading to either ungratefulness or happiness. </li>
<li>People often make choices based on their desires, current emotions, and convenience. They tend to live in the moment, simulating their preferred present. </li>
</ul>
However, do people critically assess their preferences? Are they considering the worthiness of their choices and taking responsibility for their consequences?

Preference: Shaping Your Reality through Choices

The choices we make are the roots of our experiences, determining whether we feel ungrateful or happy. 
For example, when we make good decisions, they lead to positive outcomes, resulting in happiness. 
Conversely, making uncertain or hasty decisions may lead to ungratefulness due to dissatisfaction with the results or a constant desire for more. Are we truly prepared to face the consequences of the life preferences we've chosen?

Consequences of Choices:

In the end, our journey involves continuous self-improvement and a focus on making the most of each day. 
It all begins with our life preferences and the decisions we make. While it's essential not to overthink the future, our ability to embrace the best life preferences significantly impacts our overall well-being and the fulfillment we experience daily.

Striving for Improvement: The Power of Life Preferences

Mastering Life's Preferences

Many individuals, especially recent graduates with student loans, feel burdened by debt, limiting their financial freedom and causing anxiety and depression.

Debt Burden

Society has normalized taking on debt, particularly among young adults pursuing higher education, creating a mindset that persists throughout adulthood.

Normalization of Debt

Lack of financial education contributes to people's poor financial decisions and understanding of complex loan terms.

Financial Literacy

The text criticizes banks for their profit-driven approach, including predatory lending practices, targeting those who remain perpetually in debt.

Banking Practices

Debt can have severe consequences, including mental health issues, strained relationships, and even suicide. People in debt are more likely to have suicidal thoughts.

Debt Consequences

The rising costs of education and housing are identified as major sources of debt. Government funding cuts to universities and housing regulations are mentioned as contributing factors.Housing Market

Cost of Education and Housing

Housing regulations that limit higher-density housing and the role of investment properties in driving up prices are discussed.

Housing Market

Governments can do more to help their citizens and address the debt crisis, suggesting they have allowed debt to become a systemic issue.

Government Responsibility

While personal responsibility plays a role in debt management, broader societal and institutional factors, such as government policies and banking practices, contribute significantly to the debt burden faced by individuals.

Overall

How Governments and Banks Contribute to the Debt Burden

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