Eye contact. This is the first indication that we are noticed by another person. Every human has the longing to be seen, understood, and appreciated.Muscles of facial expression. Our expressions are why we have preserved our species because they can show ranges of emotions from disgust to flirtation.Posture. It is a powerful conveyor of connection through open or closed signals, whether the person should approach or avoid.Affect. The scientific term for 'expressed emotions' and we orient ourselves to the emotional experience of the other person

What EMPATHY stands for

Tone of voice. When we are emotionally activated, our tone of voice and facial expressions change unconsciously.Hearing the whole person. It means that we are keeping our curiosity open and saving the judgment against the other person in order for us to fully understand where the other person is coming from.Your response. Our inner experiences and feelings mirror those of others. We are hard-wired for empathy and we are alive today because of mutual aid and cooperation.

“Love and compassion are necessities, not luxuries. Without them, humanity will not survive.”

Our brains are working with shared neural circuits and shared neurons; some mirror neurons so that we actually have an internal experience of what happens to others. So when we hear the expression ‘I feel your pain,’ it’s not just a figure of speech. We are made for this and it happens not just with our loved ones.Moreover, when we are deprived of empathy, it declines, but the good news is that it can also be learned. In order for us to bring out the best in others, we need to have their specialness reflected back in the eyes of others so they can see it themselves.

How Empathy Works

‘When we accept diminished substitutes we become diminished substitutes’

When we collectively come together to bring our best selves to solve the world's biggest, smallest, and most vexing problem, we are able to do so. That is the power of empathy.

A collection of 7 Ted talks to inspire you and help you get better at CSM

problemsolving

Problem Solving

business

Business

communication

Communication

personaldevelopment

Personal Development

Understand yourself and those around you.

psychology

Psychology

Top 7 TED Talks On Customer Success

Here is what I've learned from Helen Reiss, M.D. about the power of empathy.

Dr. Riess is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She directs the Empathy & Relational Science Program, conducting research on the neuroscience of emotions and empathy, and is Co-Founder, Chief Scientist and Chairman of Empathetics, LLC. She is also a core member of the Research Consortium for Emotional Intelligence and is a faculty member of the Harvard Macy Institute for Physician Leaders. Dr. Riess has devoted her career to research on the neuroscience and art of the patient-doctor relationship and teaching psychiatry residents and medical students. Her research team conducts translational research based on the neuroscience of emotions. The effectiveness of Dr. Riess's empathy training approach has been demonstrated in several studies including a randomized controlled trial. She has developed faculty curricula for "Teaching the Teachers" of Psychotherapy that is used by faculty psychiatrists. Dr. Riess's empathy training curricula are implemented internationally in healthcare as well as in business. In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)

loveandrelationships

Love & Relationships

videos

Videos

Dr. Riess is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She directs the Empathy & Relational Science Program, conducting research on the neuroscience of emotions and empathy, and is Co-Founder, Chief Scientist and Chairman of Empathetics, LLC. She is also a core member of the Research Consortium for Emotional Intelligence and is a faculty member of the Harvard Macy Institute for Physician Leaders.

Dr. Riess has devoted her career to research on the neuroscience and art of the patient-doctor relationship and teaching psychiatry residents and medical students. Her research team conducts translational research based on the neuroscience of emotions. The effectiveness of Dr. Riess's empathy training approach has been demonstrated in several studies including a randomized controlled trial. She has developed faculty curricula for "Teaching the Teachers" of Psychotherapy that is used by faculty psychiatrists. Dr. Riess's empathy training curricula are implemented internationally in healthcare as well as in business.

In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)

TEDx is an international community that organizes TED-style events anywhere and everywhere -- celebrating locally-driven ideas and elevating them to a global stage. TEDx events are produced independently of TED conferences, each event curates speakers on their own, but based on TED's format and rules.

TED's videos may be used for non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons License, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives (or the CC BY – NC – ND 4.0 International) and in accordance with our TED Talks Usage Policy (https://www.ted.com/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/ted-talks-usage-policy). 

For more information on using TED for commercial purposes (e.g. employee learning, in a film or online course), please submit a Media Request here: https://media-requests.ted.com.

TEDx Talks

The power of empathy: Helen Riess at TEDxMiddlebury

However, there are some resources on the internet which are based on medical research and lived experience that can help educate patients about safe tapering and enlighten doctors about de-prescribing.

Resources for Psych Drug Withdrawal

Psychiatric drug withdrawal is emerging as a significant issue within psychiatry. We have provided a few resources to help demystify the withdrawal process.

health

Health

mentalhealth

Mental Health

Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal | Medicating Normal

A new set of evidence-based practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with <a href="https://www.psychcongress.com/coe/schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> has been released by the American Psychiatric Association, with the goal of reducing the significant consequences the disorder has on individuals. Here, Laura J. Fochtmann, MD, MBI, a member of the practice guidelines writing group, shares some insights into the guidelines and how they may impact clinical practice, and discusses future research needs related to schizophrenia.<a href="https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424841">Full Version online download page</a>

New Practice Guidelines Aim to Reduce Harmful Consequences of Schizophrenia

Outlines practice guidelines related to treatments of persons with schizophrenia, and provide future research directions

Laura J. Fochtmann, MD, MBI, shares insights on a new set of evidence-based practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, which she helped write. 
Schizophrenia Q&As

moneyandinvestments

Money & Investments

The truth is that wealth is what you don't see, Wealth are financial assets that haven't yet been converted into the stuff you see.

Wealth is quiet, rich is loud & poor is flashy.

One of my favourite ideas from the "psychology of money".

Doing well with money isn’t necessarily about what you know. It’s about how you behave. And behavior is hard to teach, even to really smart people. Money—investing, personal finance, and business decisions—is typically taught as a math-based field, where data and formulas tell us exactly what to do. But in the real world people don’t make financial decisions on a spreadsheet. They make them at the dinner table, or in a meeting room, where personal history, your own unique view of the world, ego, pride, marketing, and odd incentives are scrambled together. In The Psychology of Money, award-winning author Morgan Housel shares 19 short stories exploring the strange ways people think about money and teaches you how to make better sense of one of life’s most important topics.

books

Books

Doing well with money isn’t necessarily about what you know. It’s about how you behave. And behavior is hard to teach, even to really smart people. Money—investing, personal finance, and business decisions—is typically taught as a math-based field, where data and formulas tell us exactly what to do. But in the real world people don’t make financial decisions on a spreadsheet. They make them at the dinner table, or in a meeting room, where personal history, your own unique view of the world, ego, pride, marketing, and odd incentives are scrambled together. In The Psychology of Money, award-winning author Morgan Housel shares 19 short stories exploring the strange ways people think about money and teaches you how to make better sense of one of life’s most important topics.

Morgan Housel is a partner at The Collaborative Fund. He is a two-time winner of the Best in Business Award from the Society of American Business Editors and Writers, winner of the New York Times Sidney Award, and a two-time finalist for the Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism. He lives in Seattle with his wife and two kids.

Morgan Housel

The Psychology of Money

𝐏𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐬 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐮𝐩 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬. 𝐖𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐯𝐢𝐚 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧.

𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬

𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐧𝐨 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐛𝐞 𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐠𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐢𝐠 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐡𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧, 𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞, 𝐚 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞. 𝐒𝐨 𝐤𝐞𝐞𝐩 𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬.𝐀𝐧 𝐚𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐡𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐮𝐩 𝐨𝐟 ± 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬. 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐛𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐬.

𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 

𝟐𝟓,𝟎𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐨𝐟 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞. 𝐈𝐭'𝐬 𝐨𝐤𝐚𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡, 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐲. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐮𝐩 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐝𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞. 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐬𝐨 𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝟕 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬.

𝐀𝐦𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐝 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰.

scienceandnature

Science & Nature

𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭

Just a great company I had a chance to collaborate with :)

Great UI/UX Solution

Create a successful web or mobile application with a UI/UX design agency specializing in building SaaS products.

product

Product & Design

artsandculture

Society, Arts & Culture

UI/UX Design Services – Eleken

Despite the vehement push of our contemporary culture to despise laziness, and champion discipline, laziness can actually be utilized to your advantage.

Inherent Laziness

In essence, if you make something easier to begin, you will be more likely to make substantive progress on that activity. This applies to habit building as well - you are more likely to ingrain a habit that is easier to start and perform.

Easier = Better

You can accomplish this in a myriad of ways:<ol><li>Have a dedicated area for studying.</li><li>Put your study paraphernalia in places of easy access. </li><li>Have similar items together (pens in a jar, books on a bookshelf, etc.)</li><li>Try to stay organized as best as possible.</li></ol>

Making it 'easier'

The converse of this idea is that: If you make something harder to begin/access, you will make little/no progress on that activity. This is an important notion for removing unnecessary elements from our studying lives.

The Converse

If you are distracted by Instagram, YouTube, Netflix, TikTok, or any other social media app, we can use this method to remove them, and be less distracted whilst studying.

Applications for this idea

As you can probably guess, we accomplish this by making these things harder to access.<ol><li>Put your phone into another room - you will have to walk over to the other room in order to access it.</li><li>Silence notifications</li><li>If applicable, use a website blocker to temporarily prevent you from accessing distracting websites.</li></ol>

How to accomplish this

“The secret to getting ahead is getting started.”

If we can make something as easy as possible, 'just getting started' will seem like a breeze, and you will see an immediate improvement in your life, wherever you apply it.

If you want to study well, you need to make studying as easy as possible. 
The answer to this lies in our inherent human characteristics, and, if used 
correctly, can prevent procrastination, and make studying easier to begin.

productivity

Productivity

timemanagement

Time Management

How to make Studying Easier. | EdEfficiency

<a href="https://megabloginfo.com/how-to-avoid-junk-food-8-tips-to-hate-it/">Junk food such as burgers, pizza, fried chicken</a>, and chips usually contain saturated fat, too much-saturated fat in the diet will lead to weight gain and obesity.<ul><li>High salt content</li><li>High in sugar</li><li>High-fat content</li><li>Lack of Energy</li><li>Poor concentration</li><li>High in cholesterol level</li><li>Impact on heart disease</li><li>Highly addictive</li><li>High chemical additives</li><li>Lack of oxygen</li></ul>

Junk Food problems and why should avoid

<ul><li>Soft drink </li><li>Pizza hamburgers </li><li>Potato chips </li><li>Ice-cream </li><li>Hot dog </li><li>Pakora  </li><li>Chowmin </li><li>French fries </li><li>Cheese chili </li><li>Pav bhaji </li></ul>

Types of junk food

#junk Food #health #UnhealthyFood #AvoidJunkFood

avoid junk food cause Lack of Energy, Poor concentration, heart disease, nutrition value Highly addictive, Lack of oxygen. We should hate it

food

Food

marketingandsales

Marketing & Sales

Junk food impacts on health problems and popularity - Health fitness blog

Emotions can derail communication. When people get upset at one another, they stop thinking rationally.
Emotions are not an obstacle to successful negotiations. They are a means. Good negotiators know how to identify emotions and influence them.

Use emotions to influence

The quickest way to establish rapport is to repeat the last one to three words your counterpart just said. This will make them feel safe enough to reveal themselves. It will also slow the conversation down and give you more time to think.

Mirroring

Before you decide to get your point across, hear the other side out first.
Demonstrate that you are trying to understand their feelings using phrases like "It sounds like you're afraid of..." or "It looks like you're concerned about..."

Empathise strategically

Every yes is a concession or can feel like it. However, allowing the person opportunities to say no gives some form of control and put them at ease.

Guide them to say no

Summarise and reaffirm how your counterpart feels and what they want.
It should be done based on the feelings and passions driving them that they are blind to.

Trigger a "that's right" response

Don't try to force your opinion on your opponent.  In negotiations, the more the other person likes you, the more they are willing to be flexible. A win-win situation produces the best results.

Work together

From mirroring to encouraging them to say "no,” Chris Voss, founder and CEO of The Black Swan Group Ltd, shares his tried and true tips for negotiating. Get social with Inc. on: Facebook: http://on.inc.com/ilqUryJ Twitter: http://on.inc.com/8FGInRj LinkedIn: http://on.inc.com/gt7KsIn Instagram: http://on.inc.com/wLObvE2 Pinterest: http://on.inc.com/8lPoT0r

How do FBI negotiators navigate emotions during tough negotiations? Mirroring to encouraging them to say "no,” Chris Voss, founder and CEO of The Black Swan Group Ltd, shares his tried and true tips for negotiating.

About Inc.
Inc. Magazine delivers advice, tools, and services to help business owners, entrepreneurs and CEOs grow their businesses more successfully. You'll find information and advice covering virtually every business and management task including marketing, sales, finding capital, managing people, and much more.  Visit Inc.com for the latest!

Get social with Inc. on:
Facebook: http://on.inc.com/ilqUryJ
Twitter: http://on.inc.com/8FGInRj
LinkedIn: http://on.inc.com/gt7KsIn
Instagram: http://on.inc.com/wLObvE2
Pinterest: http://on.inc.com/8lPoT0r

Inc. Magazine delivers advice, tools, and services to help business owners and CEOs grow their businesses more successfully. You'll find information and advice covering virtually every business and management task including marketing, sales, finding capital, managing people, and much more.  Visit Inc.com for the latest!

Inc.

How FBI Negotiators Navigate Emotions During Tough Negotiations | Inc.

How to Navigate Emotions During Tough Negotiations, According to a Former FBI Negotiator | Inc.

Need help prepping for an argument, or just want to double check your philosophy homework? Here you'll find 15 of the most common logical fallacies.

15Logical Fallacies You Should Know Before Getting Into a Debate

Logical fallacies are flawed, deceptive, or false arguments that can be proven wrong with reasoning. These are the most common fallacies you should know about.Arguments and debates are an important part of college and academic discourse. But not every argument is perfect. Some can be picked apart because they have errors in reasoning and rhetoric. These are called "logical fallacies," and they're very common. You'll hear logical fallacies in the classroom, during televised debates, and in arguments with your friends. It can even be challenging to avoid using them yourself.

What Is A Logical Fallacy

Logical fallacies are flawed, deceptive, or false arguments that can be proven wrong with reasoning. There are two main types of fallacies: -A formal fallacy is an argument with a premise and conclusion that doesn't hold up to scrutiny.-An informal fallacy is an error in the form, content, or context of the argument.

Two Main Types Of Logical Fallacies

TABLE OF CONTENTS<ol><li>Ad Hominem</li><li>Strawman Argument</li><li>Appeal to Ignorance</li><li>False Dilemma</li><li>Slippery Slope Fallacy</li><li>Circular Argument</li><li>Hasty Generalization</li><li>Red Herring Fallacy</li><li>Appeal to Hypocrisy</li><li>Causal Fallacy</li><li>Fallacy of Sunk Costs</li><li>Appeal to Authority</li><li>Equivocation</li><li>Appeal to Pity</li><li>Bandwagon Fallacy</li></ol>

Types Of Logical Fallacy

An ad hominem fallacy uses personal attacks rather than logic. This fallacy occurs when someone rejects or criticizes another point of view based on the personal characteristics, ethnic background, physical appearance, or other non-relevant traits of the person who holds it. Ad hominem arguments are often used in politics, where they are often called "mudslinging." They are considered unethical because politicians can use them to manipulate voters' opinions against an opponent without addressing core issues.

Ad Hominem

A straw man argument attacks a different subject rather than the topic being discussed — often a more extreme version of the counter argument. The purpose of this misdirection is to make one's position look stronger than it actually is. The straw man argument is appropriately named after a harmless, lifeless scarecrow. Instead of contending with the actual argument, they attack the equivalent of a lifeless bundle of straw — an easily defeated puppet that the opponent was never arguing for in the first place.

Straw Man

An appeal to ignorance (also known as an "argument from ignorance") argues that a proposition must be true because it has not been proven false or there is no evidence against it. The argument can be used to bolster multiple contradictory conclusions at once, such as the following two claims: "No one has ever been able to prove that extraterrestrials exist, so they must not be real.""No one has ever been able to prove that extraterrestrials do not exist, so they must be real."An appeal to ignorance doesn't prove anything. Instead, it shifts the need for proof away from the person making a claim.

Appeal to Ignorance

A false dilemma or false dichotomy presents limited options — typically by focusing on two extremes — when in fact more possibilities exist. The phrase "America: Love it or leave it" is an example of a false dilemma. The false dilemma fallacy is a manipulative tool designed to polarize the audience, promoting one side and demonizing another. It's common in political discourse as a way of strong-arming the public into supporting controversial legislation or policies.

False Dilemma/False Dichotomy

A slippery slope argument assumes that a certain course of action will necessarily lead to a chain of future events. The slippery slope fallacy takes a benign premise or starting point and suggests that it will lead to unlikely or ridiculous outcomes with no supporting evidence. You may have used this fallacy on your parents as a teenager: "But you have to let me go to the party! If I don't go to the party, I'll be a loser with no friends. Next thing you know, I'll end up alone and jobless, living in your basement when I'm 30!"

Slippery Slope

Circular arguments occur when a person's argument repeats what they already assumed before without arriving at a new conclusion. For example, if someone says, "According to my brain, my brain is reliable," that's a circular argument. Circular arguments often use a claim as both a premise and a conclusion. This fallacy only appears to be an argument when in fact it's just restating one's assumptions.

Circular Argument

A hasty generalization is a claim based on a few examples rather than substantial proof. Arguments based on hasty generalizations often don't hold up due to a lack of supporting evidence: The claim might be true in one case, but that doesn't mean it's always true.Hasty generalizations are common in arguments because there's a wide range of what's acceptable for "sufficient" evidence.

Hasty Generalization

A red herring is an argument that uses confusion or distraction to shift attention away from a topic and toward a false conclusion. Red herrings usually contain an unimportant fact, idea, or event that has little relevance to the real issue. Red herrings are a common diversionary tactic when someone wants to shift the focus of an argument to something easier or safer to address. But red herrings can also be unintentional.

Red Herring

An appeal to hypocrisy — also known as the tu quoque fallacy — focuses on the hypocrisy of an opponent. The tu quoque fallacy deflects criticism away from oneself by accusing the other person of the same problem or something comparable. The tu quoque fallacy is an attempt to divert blame. The fallacy usually occurs when the arguer uses apparent hypocrisy to neutralize criticism and distract from the issue.

Appeal to Hypocrisy

Causal fallacies are informal fallacies that occur when an argument incorrectly concludes that a cause is related to an effect. Think of the causal fallacy as a parent category for other fallacies about unproven causes. One example is the false cause fallacy, which is when you draw a conclusion about what the cause was without enough evidence to do so. Another is the post hoc fallacy, which is when you mistake something for the cause because it came first — not because it actually caused the effect.

Causal Fallacy

A sunk cost fallacy is when someone continues doing something because of the effort they already put in it, regardless of whether the additional costs outweigh the potential benefits. "Sunk cost" is an economic term for any past expenses that can no longer be recovered. For example: Imagine that after watching the first six episodes of a TV show, you decide the show isn't for you. Those six episodes are your "sunk cost." A sunk cost fallacy would be deciding to finish watching anyway because you've already invested roughly six hours of your life in it.

Sunk Cost

Appeal to authority is the misuse of an authority's opinion to support an argument. While an authority's opinion can represent evidence and data, it becomes a fallacy if their expertise or authority is overstated, illegitimate, or irrelevant to the topic. For example, citing a foot doctor when trying to prove something related to psychiatry would be an appeal to authority fallacy.

Appeal to Authority

Equivocation happens when a word, phrase, or sentence is used deliberately to confuse, deceive, or mislead. In other words, saying one thing but meaning another. When it's poetic or comical, we call this a "play on words." But when it's done in a political speech, an ethics debate, or an economics report — and it's designed to make the audience think you're saying something you're not — that's when it becomes a fallacy.

Equivocation

An appeal to pity relies on provoking your emotions to win an argument rather than factual evidence. Appealing to pity attempts to pull on an audience's heartstrings, distract them, and support their point of view. Someone accused of a crime using a cane or walker to appear more feeble in front of a jury is one example of appeal to pity. The appearance of disability isn't an argument on the merits of the case, but it's intended to sway the jury's opinion anyway.

Appeal to Pity

The bandwagon fallacy assumes something is true (or right or good) because others agree with it. In other words, the fallacy argues that if everyone thinks a certain way, then you should, too. One problem with this kind of reasoning is that the broad acceptance of a claim or action doesn't mean that it's factually justified. People can be mistaken, confused, deceived, or even willfully irrational in their opinions, so using them to make an argument is flawed.

Bandwagon Fallacy

I hope this primer on logical fallacies helps you to navigate future disputes with friends, family, and online acquaintances without descending into vitriol or childish name-calling. Knowing your logical fallacies can also help when you're working on your next research paper. You may want to brush up on controversial research topics while you're at it, so you're even more prepared.

Final Word

Whether you have a paper to write about logical fallacies or don't want to accidentally include them in your next persuasive essay, we're highlighting the top logical fallacies you need to know.

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15 Logical Fallacies You Should Know Before Getting Into a Debate - TheBestSchools.org

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